Mortgage risk and reward
Financial
experts say variable-rate mortgages save money, but half of all homeowners
still choose lock-in option
By Deborah
Yedlin
As the Bank of Canada
appears closer to moving away from the historically low rates that have been in
place since financial markets melted down in 2008, the inevitable is upon
Canadian consumers: interest rates are about to rise.
The question is when,
and by how much.
And if you happen to
be in the market for a mortgage, the question of what to do – lock in or float –
looms large.
Of course, the big
banks have already started ratcheting up rates, with the Royal Bank of
For homebuyers, the
difference in half a percentage point could very well mean being priced out of
the market, if not a particular home.
For the sake of
comparison: If a $300,000 mortgage floating at the current prime rate of 2.25
per cent works out to monthly payments of $1,300, but at five per cent the
monthly payment jumps to $1,750. That's an extra $5,400 a year, not exactly
pocket change.
But before we go any
further, it's worth explaining how banks price their lending products and why
commercial bank rates are so much higher relative to the benchmark set by the
Bank of Canada.
In simple terms, the
interest rate on a mortgage reflects what it costs the bank to borrow funds in
the bond market, which they in turn lend to customers while also factoring in
loan-loss provisions and what they pay to depositors in interest.
In other words, there
is much more to mortgage rates than where the Bank of Canada has set rates. And
in the case of mortgages, borrowers should also understand that what you see
isn't always what you get.
For example, the
five-year closed rates at the Royal Bank might be set at 6.1 per cent, but
after all the fancy dancing and negotiating is done, the final rate is going to
be somewhere between 4.5 and five per cent.
The reason rates go
up as the term to maturity of a mortgage or bond increases is that the risk is
higher the further out you are on the yield curve, because of the additional
uncertainty.
This suggests that by
playing the short end of the curve, homebuyers can save substantial dollars by
opting for the floating rate.
"Traditionally
... going back 30 or 40 years ... the longer you're in a variablerate mortgage,
the further ahead you will be," says Don Peard, vice-president, mortgage
specialist for
But not everyone can
afford to deal with the uncertainty of not knowing what their monthly mortgage
payment will be, even if it is at a lower rate.
"If I am a
first-or second-time homebuyer and need to rely on both mine and my partner's
salaries, there's comfort in knowing what my payment is every month," says
Peard.
But a study by York
University Prof. Moshe Milevsky shows borrowers are better off if they choose
the variablerate option – and by a huge margin.
Milevsky looked not
just at what the savings are as a result of being charged a lower rate; he also
assumed the difference between the fixed and variable payments was invested in
91-day treasury bills.
Using this
methodology Milevsky concluded borrowers are better off 90 per cent of the time
when they choose the variable option over locking in at a fixed rate.
He debunked the
notion that mortgage holders can come out ahead if they play the short-term end
of the interest rate curve and lock in at a certain interest rate.
"Even Canadians
who can accurately predict the next move of the Bank of Canada, and lock in a
mortgage just as the short rate is about to increase, are worse off on average
compared with those who float over the entire interest-rate cycle," wrote Milevsky.
It has to be pointed
out that under floating-rate mortgages, the monthly payments don't change –
what varies is the amount of the payment allocated to principal and interest.
When interest rates drop, more of the monthly payment goes toward paying down
the principal, while the reverse is true when rates go up.
Yet even though the
variable option makes financial sense, Peard says about half the number of
homebuyers go that route.
The issue, as always,
is risk tolerance.
In today's world,
whether it's the Bank of Canada signalling it is going to raise rates beginning
next month, or the attendant uncertainty permeating markets as a result of the
sovereign-debt issues unfolding in Europe, it all points to rates going up.
Yet even if the prime
rate jumps 100 basis points (or one per cent) between now and the end of the
year, that would put it at 3.25 per cent – still low by historical standards.
It might be true that
the variable rate saves a mortgage-holder money, but if they don't have much
equity in a home to begin with, are on a tight budget and therefore can't
afford to be vulnerable to interest-rate spikes, the floating-rate mortgage
isn't necessarily the best option.
As Peard points out,
many people have long memories and haven't forgotten the fallout when interest
rates skyrocketed in the early 1980s.
On the other hand,
even if rates rise three percentage points through the next tightening cycle,
the cost to finance a home remains far below what it was in the 1990s.
As in everything,
there is an opportunity cost. In this case, it's what could be done with the
cash saved by opting for the floating-rate option.
And that's what needs
to be factored into the decision matrix when determining what to do with one's
mortgage – whether new or renewed.
Fixed vs. Variable
Fixed mortgages give borrowers:
● Certainty regarding the interest
rate
● Certainty regarding the amount of
regular payments
● The knowledge of how much of their
payment is split between principal and interest
● A fixed amortization schedule
Variable-rate mortgages:
● Save borrowers money
● Allows for lump-sum payments on the
underlying principal when possible
Source: RBC Royal Bank
(Click to enlarge)
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